Most importantly, families can make the schizophrenic feel loved, accepted and valued. Broadcasting is a thought disorder whereby a person believes their thoughts are being broadcast to others, for example over the radio or through TV. Typical antipsychotics: Developed in the 1950s, for example Chlorpromazine. Classification and diagnosis does have advantages as it allows doctors to communicate more effectively about a patient and use similar terminology when discussing them. Researchers have focused on two factors which appear to be related to some of the experiences and behaviors of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. basis. However the difference only emerged in situations where the adopted family was rated as disturbed. Preconscious thought (thought that occurs without awareness) contains a huge amount of information from our senses that would normally be filtered. delusions. (Total 16 marks) BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester. One weakness of the genetic explanation of schizophrenia is that there are methodological problems. Tarrier (1987) used detailed interview techniques, and found that people with schizophrenia can often identify triggers to the onset of their psychotic symptoms, and then develop their own methods of coping with the distress caused. Schizophrenia Interactionist Approach Interactionist Approach Interactionist Approach Addiction Addiction Treatment Theories Aversion Therapy Behavioural Interventions Drug Therapy Gambling Addiction Nicotine Addiction Physical and Psychological Dependence Reducing Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change The reason for this is because if the individual does have excessive amounts of dopamine then does it really mean that thy ey will develop schizophrenia? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. The ICD-10 (only negative symptoms need to be present) is used worldwide and the DSM-5 (only positive symptoms need to be present) is used in America. The validity of schizophrenia as a single disorder is questioned by many. A second weakness of the cognitive model is that it is reductionist. It is, therefore, very important to offer the most appropriate and effective type of treatment. He used MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to obtain pictures of the brain structure of MZ twins in which one twin was schizophrenic. CBT is rarely used without drug therapy, suggesting it is not enough on its own to treat schizophrenia. More receptors lead to more firing and an over production of messages. Cultural bias African Americans and those of Afro-carribean descent are more likely to be diagnosed than their white counterparts but diagnostic rates in Africa and the West Indies is low Western over diagnosis is a result of cultural norms and the diagnosis lacks validity. The ventricles of a person with schizophrenia are on average about 15% bigger than normal (Torrey, 2002). Combining treatments is most common in the UK, although it is also sometimes used in the USA. Read et al (2005) reviewed 46 studies of child abuse and schizophrenia and found concluded that 69% of adult women in-patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia had a physical abuse, sexual abuse or both during their childhood. Second, cognitive biases are present when people notice, pay attention to, or remember certain types of information better than other. In a follow up study they rejected genuine patients whom they assumed were part of the deception. CSE aims to teach individuals to develop and apply effective coping strategies which will reduce the frequency, intensity and duration of psychotic symptoms and alleviate the accompanying distress. If the distress caused to the child is severe and long-lasting, he/she may . Boston Spa, This is mainly aimed at lowering expressed emotion. For the classification system to be valid it should be meaningful and classify a real pattern of symptoms, which result from a real underlying cause. It binds to dopamine receptors more strongly than Clozapine, and there is some evidence that it produces fewer side-effects. (2002) developed a machine that produced virtual hallucinations, such as hearing the television telling you to kill yourself or one persons face morphing into anothers. Dysfunctional Family: Meaning, Examples & Facts I StudySmarter Participants in Group A were a volunteer sample of people from a self-help group for people with schizophrenia. [2 marks] Schizophrenia 16-marker Plans (AQA A Level Psychology) Description AQA A Level Schizophrenia: 16-marker plans for the explanations and treatments of schizophrenia aqa a level psychology schizophrenia a2 psychology aqa a level psychology- 16-mark question plans as level Note by Grace Fawcitt, updated more than 1 year ago 2915 8 0 Resource summary System overlap refers to the way that disorders have shared symptoms. The therapist needs to accept that the illusions may seem real to the patient at the time and should be dealt with accordingly. For example, an excess of dopamine receptors in Brocas area might be responsible for poverty of speech and auditory hallucinations. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. Twenty-six of forty patients (65.0%) were taking haloperidol and 14 (35.0%) chlorpromazine. Large doses of amphetamine given to people with no history of psychological disorders produce behavior which is very similar to paranoid schizophrenia. It is very difficult to separate out the influence of nature-v-nurture. However they do not cure schizophrenia, rather they dampen symptoms down so that patients can live fairly normal lives in the community. therefore, it is not appropriate to generalise their language ability to all people with schizophrenia (must be some application here) Evidence to support the genetic explanation comes from Gottesman and Shields, who found a concordance rate of 42% for MZ and 9% for DZ. Bruce Johnson is an A-level psychology teacher, and head of the sixth form at Caterham High School. Family, twin and adoption studies must be considered cautiously because they are retrospective, and diagnosis may be biased by knowledge that other family members who may have been diagnosed. There have also been ethical concerns as such a process is seen to be dehumanising, subjecting the patient to a regime which takes away their right to make choices. Research in Hampshire, by Kingdon and Kirschen (2006) found that CBT is not suitable for all patients, especially those who are too thought disorientated or agitated, who refuse medication, or who are too paranoid to form trusting alliances with practitioners. The rate of relapse was particularly high if returning to a high EE family was coupled with no medication. The fact that the concordance rates are not 100% means that schizophrenia cannot wholly be explained by genes and it could be that the individual has a pre-disposition to schizophrenia and simply makes the individual more at risk of developing the disorder. Jakobsen et al. The diathesis-stress model states that both a vulnerability to SZ and a stress trigger are necessary to develop the condition. stress) may trigger the onset of schizophrenia, rather than individuals with schizophrenia moving down in social status. Cause and effect It remains unclear whether cognitive factors cause schizophrenia or if schizophrenia causes these cognitions Family dysfunction may not be a valid explanation for schizophrenia. It is one of the chemicals in the brain which causes neurons to fire. C: Consequences what impact does that have on your relationships with others? Melzer (2012) concluded that Clozapine is effective in 30-50% of cases where other drugs have failed, supporting its use in schizophrenia treatment. Briefly outline family dysfunction as an explanation for schizophrenia. Words may become confused and sentences incoherent (so called word salad). a) Explain why a Mann-Whitney test is an appropriate choice of statistical test in this situation and a Spearman's test is not. LS23 6AD This suggests that the research into gene mapping is oversimplistic as schizophrenia is not due to a single gene. As the drugs block dopamine activity, they tend to have (sometime severe) side-effects. Al (2011) suggest many aspects of urban living ranging from life stressors to the use of drugs, can have an effect on human epigenetics. David Rosenhan (1973) famous experiment involving Pseudopatients led to 8 normal people being kept in hospital despite behaving normally. Paul and Lentz (1977) Token economy led to better overall patient functioning and less behavioral disturbance, More cost-effective (lower hospital costs). They act as dopamine antagonists, attempting to reduce dopamine activity. One area where the model has had considerable success is schizophrenia, a disease with both genetic and environmental causes. Those who do not have the schizogene would not develop schizophrenia, even if they experienced a chronically stressful upbringing. A number of researchers have suggested that difficulties in understanding other peoples behavior might explain some of the experiences of those diagnosed as schizophrenic. They involve modifying/interfering with the action of neurotransmitters, in order to increase (agonists) or decrease (antagonists) their activity. The researchers found that the males had a genetic condition which became later known as "Brunner syndrome" (it is important to note that females only carry this condition, as it only affects the MAOA production gene on the single X chromosome in males). So the stressors of modern living could cause increased schizophrenia in future generations. 1. However she still suffers negative symptoms and side effects. Liem (1974)measured patterns of parental communication in families with a schizophrenic child and found no difference when compared to normal families. This limits the usefulness of token economies in treating schizophrenia. [4 marks]. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. Group As scores suggest a normal distributed as the mean, median and mode are all almost the same (22). Without this knowledge a person displaying overt emotional behavior in a Western culture might be regarded as abnormal. Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia | Psychology - tutor2u If there is more than one individual in the scenario you must mention all of the characters to get to the top band. Gender bias is also an issue as the mother tends to be blamed the most, which means such research is highly socially sensitive. Schizophrenics returning to such a family were more likely to relapse into the disorder than those returning to a family low in EE. Outline and evaluate the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. People with schizophrenia have abnormally large ventricles in the brain . In most cases the original typical antipsychotics have more side effects, so if the exam paper asks for two biological therapies you can write about typical anti-psychotics and emphasise the side effects, then you can write about the atypical antipsychotics and give them credit for having less side effects. In a token economy, tokens are given to reward people in psychiatric institutions for performing socially desirable behaviours, the aim being to encourage self-care. First generation Antipsychotics are called Typical Antipsychotics There is a lack of understanding and explanation of how the diathesis-stress model works- it is known that both have to be present to lead to schizophrenia, but not how the mechanisms of schizophrenia symptoms develop. It is therefore prescribed when the patient is at risk of suicide. Found that changes in behavior achieved through token economies do not remain when tokens are withdrawn, suggesting that such treatments address effects of schizophrenia rather than causes. There is a sizeable minority who do not respond to drug treatment. By oversimplifying schizophrenia in terms of genes and neurotransmitters, the social context within which it develops has not been considered. They generally have fewer side effects eg. A strength of the cognitive explanation is that it has practical applications. Prolonged exposure to such interactions prevents the development of an internally coherent construction of reality; in the long run, this manifests itself as typically schizophrenic symptoms such as flattening affect, delusions and hallucinations, incoherent thinking and speaking, and in some cases paranoia. McMonagle and Sultana (2009) found in a meta-analysis of 110 studies, that only 3 had used random allocation (where a true comparison was available with an experimental and control group).
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