One 1485 official report revealed that local people, some probably working as fences (see Fences in Ming China), purchased stolen animals and goods from highway bandits at lower prices. For many people, the term pirate conjures up images of the so-called golden age of piracy, in the 17th and 18th centuries, along with legendary pirates such as Blackbeard or Captain Kidd or their fictional equivalents such as Long John Silver or Captain Jack Sparrow. . The Redbrands, sometimes called the Redbrand Ruffians, were a group of bandits and brigands active in the resettled frontier town of Phandalin and nearby Triboar Trail region in the late 15th century DR. That is, it is an incontrovertible fact that bandits often terrorized peasants who appear to have voluntarily supported them; yet this fact does not exhaust or even address the issue of why and how banditry emerged, how it was sustained, or how bandit myths achieved such potency at both the local and national levels. Second, the land concentration that Prez considers a cause of banditry in fact came after many bandit gangs had emerged. Ithaca, N.Y., 1994. Gorriti, Juana Manuela. In the early seventeenth century the most famous Spanish bandit was Perot Rocaguinarda. What about female bandits? [25], Once they forcefully acquired goods and commodities, bandits had to sell them. Florence, 1977. Political banditry was evident in independence-era Cuba, early-twentieth-century Cajamarca, Peru, and the Colombian Violencia of 19451965, which left between 100,000 and 300,000 people dead. Thus, terms of venery referred to groups of specific game animals. About, Edmond. The extreme violence practiced by bandits against peasants in many contemporary accounts has been interpreted in two ways: as expressive or as instrumental. "Fools Banished from the Kingdom: Remapping Geographies of Gang Violence between the Americas (Los Angeles and San Salvador)." Brigands with a Cause. On page 245 of A History of Crime in England, there is a record of the exploits of a gang leader called "Adam the Leper.". Christon I. Archer, "Banditry and Revolution in New Spain, 17901821," in Biblioteca Americana 1, no. In Ottoman times, the many wars in the Balkans left poverty and anarchy in their wakesuitable conditions for the work of brigands and bandits. Top Ten Wild West Gangs Including the Outlaw "three-fingered Jack" The other French bandit-hero of the eighteenth century, Robert Mandrin (17241755) According to German sources, three-quarters of Christian bandits whose parentage is known to us originated in the sedentary and integrated sectors of society. A particular feature of the German underworld of the eighteenth century is the rather high proportion of Jews among organized robbers. The bandit is thus not so much an expression of peasant reaction to oppression or a form of wish fulfillment as a transfiguration of peasant suffering, transformed from individual execution to the collective personification of sacrifice. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. According to Hobsbawm, the characteristic feature of social bandits is that "they are peasant outlaws who the lord and state regard as criminals, but who remain within peasant society, and are considered by the people as heroes, as champions, avengers, fighters for justice, perhaps even leaders of liberation, and in any case as men to be admired, helped and supported" (p. 17). Similar views were initially entertained by Byron about the Greek Klephts. It was they who made a stand at the Read More asidism "The 'Noble Bandit' and the Bandits of the Nobles: Brigandage and Local Community in Nineteenth-Century Andalusia." See "Letteratura e Mafia," pp. [32], Even though bandits were subject to capital punishment, they could still be incorporated into the regime, serving as local police forces and personal soldiers employed by officials to secure order and suppress bandits. Social bandits were considered by their people as heroes, champions, and fighters for justice in a world that often denied them justice. This extracurricular raiding and pillaging was indistinguishable from piracy as defined above. What is a Group of Rabbits Called? The Cuban independence period illustrates both political banditry and the interpretive debates going on in the study of banditry. This term is also used when informally referring to a young rabbit. Blok formulated the "principle" that the more successful a bandit, the greater the protection he enjoyed. A bandit typically belongs to a gang of bandits who commit crimes in remote, lawless, or out-of-the-way places. This group are usually the bad people. More than most other social phenomena, the characterization of banditry depends upon how it is approached. A group of travelling merchants are called carvans Why. Paul J. Vanderwood, Disorder and Progress: Bandits, Police, and Mexican Development (1981). Terms of venery is the more official phrase for what we know as collective nouns, nouns of assembly, or names for groups of animals. The use of privateers allowed states to project maritime power beyond the capabilities of their regular navies, but there were trade-offs. [35] Bandit-rebels were not only common in late Ming. [22] This was especially troubling when soldiers lived physically far from their superiors: when soldiers committed robbery, civil officials had no jurisdiction nor power to apprehend them. [28], Bandits often operated in groups under one or more leaders. J "Banditry "The Greek Hero." A group of swordsmen are called bandits. [CDATA[ Thus peasant complicity might be either active or passive but equally significant in both cases. Some common criminals simply brutalized and abused their fellow men. La protesta rural en Cuba: Resistencia cotidiana, bandolerismo y revolucin 18781902. Britannica Dictionary definition of BANDIT [count] : a criminal who attacks and steals from travelers and who is often a member of a group of criminals They were two of the most famous bandits [= outlaws, robbers] of the 19th century. Many of these hoodlums learned their trade in exile in Los Angeles and other U.S. locations and were later deported back to Central America, where they have been applying what they learned. Hobsbawm distinguished bandits from gangs drawn from the professional underworld and from communities for whom raiding was a normal way of life (such as the Bedouins). They are much like traditional knights, only they're a whole group, they've never been knighted and aren't members of nobility. 2 vols. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. In early Republican China, the growth of warlord armies during the Warlord era was also accompanied by a dramatic increase in bandit activity exploiting the lawlessness. A full understanding takes into account not just the various ways in which strongmen were co-opted by the powerful but also how such men were portrayed by various strata of society. One example was Gao Yingxiang, who started as a mounted bandit in Shaanxi and later became an important rebel leader in late Ming. By applying Norbert Elias's notion of power configurations to his historical anthropological research on Sicily, he suggested that Hobsbawm overemphasized class conflict and romanticized bandits. Throughout most of English language literature, flock of crows far outweighed murder of crows, and until about the 90s, even group of crows was used more frequently than murder of crows. [13] Xiangmazei (whistling arrow bandits) was a category of mounted bandits named after their practice of firing whistling arrows to alert their victims. Moss, David. The body had to be "prepared" retroactivelydisassembled and then reassembled in a grotesque parody of the original bodyto be offered back to the group who "made" it. Such profiteers formed whatever alliances they deemed useful. [37] The rebellion took the Ming almost two years to crush. was, as Hobsbawm has shown, a somewhat less suitable candidate for idealization. (April 27, 2023). Banditry can be seen as a legal category, a social category, and as a series of powerful stories and myths. Driessen, Henk. He started his criminal career in 1602 and even features in Cervantes's Don Quixote (1605, 1615). Le bandit et son image au sicle d'or. In their typical form, most stories about bandits can be reduced to the following pattern: The triggering incident is a slight to personal or family honor by another family or individual of equal or superior status. "Fragments of an Economic Theory of the Mafia." Being Bandits, almost all of their armor is torn, tattered, worn, battered, or frayed, and nearly all of their weapons are rusty, splintered, and bent. Balboa Navarro, Imilcy. Robber bands, however, as well as vagabonds and gypsies traveling in groups of varying sizes, were both more incalculable and more dangerous. The romanticization of banditry is a phenomenon that started with the popular ballads about prominent ringleaders such as Louis Dominique Cartouche in the eighteenth century. Impoverished day laborers and domestic servants often joined a gang where young beggars rubbed shoulders with old soldiers, deserters, murderers, expriests, and prostitutes. In mountainous areas of early modern Spain, banditry and brigandage remained a continual phenomenon throughout the period under discussion. First, many bandit gangs emerged before the process of sugar plantation expansion began. In Italy, the bandits also came from an agrarian background. Souna Yuuki is a young boy who survives a massacre after his family is killed by a group of bandits called the Hydras, who burn a mark of their emblem into his hand and leaves him to die. [19] Another report of 1489 attested that soldiers had raided in Henan province. The peak of Catalan banditry was during the reign of Philip III (15981621). SOES Bandits Definition - Investopedia ." Prodded by my daughter Nadia who had taken . Torino, Italy, 1983. In Latin America it was part and parcel of an expanding frontier economy. Comeche, Juan Antonio Martnez, ed. These practices contribute to the mythic value of the bandit or mafioso, which Diego Gambetta suggests is an essential precondition for the trust that mafiosi and others require to operate. Spraggs, Gillian. Names for Groups of Animals - The Fact Site Banditry is a type of organized crime committed by outlaws typically involving the threat or use of violence. 2023 . Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. List of Names for Groups of Animals: A Complete Glossary William M. "Bill" Dalton, born in 1866, was an outlaw as well and mainly rode . //]]>. Manuel Garca put banditry and extortion at the service of the independence movement. After the selection and killing of the victim, whether the original offender or a surrogate, the body was often mutilated to underscore the significance of the act of revenge. The more protected an individual was, especially by powerful patrons, as in Sicily, the less he needed to use violence for the meanings it could convey and the more opportunities he had to employ ambiguity and courtesya point noted by many outside observers, although such courtesy must surely have been ironic. In nineteenth-century Greece, ex-Klephts such as Theodoros Kolokotrnis used their memoirs to glorify themselves. Although they were supported by the local community whose yearnings for a prepolitical just world they embodied, they were usually betrayed. In reality bandits changed sides according to self-interest. Clearly, bandits had an interest in encouraging the interpretation of their actions as personal and personalizing rather than political. The ways in which bandits were portrayed in the modern nation-state and the ways such symbols were used to legitimate contemporary struggles are as significant as what the bandits actually did and represented. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Conversely, there are "contemporary bandits" involved in protection rackets, common robberies, murder, and other crimes. Morelia, Mexico: Instituto Michoacano de Cultura; Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. Jos Mara Lus Mora, 1999. However, in some cases it proves difficult to distinguish between ordinary bandits and politically minded heroic outlaws, fighting against the oppressor. So a murder of crows is one of the coolest (or at least memorable) animal group names. Bandits in a Landscape: A Study of Romantic Painting from Caravaggio to Delacroix. If theres no water and no boat, youre just a regular bandit. Thats a lot of legs and thoraxes! However, in half of the German gangs studied by Uwe Dancker, wayfaring people (among them ex-soldiers, beggars) were overrepresented. And the gauchos of the Argentine plains often turned into outlaws after killing someone in a knife fight. After wars, for example in the eighteenth century, veterans often roamed the country in predatory groups that some peasants regarded as bandits or brigands. BANDIT | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary Sustained banditry required concealable, transportable wealth (cash, cash crops, animals, alcohol, narcotics) that left few traces. As a type of predatory, acquisitive, and violent action by groups of men (sometimes including women), banditry has a long history dating from ancient Greece, Rome, and China. Also known as the Bandit Queen, Phoolan Devi was born in 1963 in the north of India into a poor low-caste family. You should by all means use these collective words to enhance your writing or add a neat flourish to your poetry, but avoid using them as some sort of official scientific designation or (worse) to correct people. At other times banditry represented an economic alternative in a world of opportunity narrowly restricted by the elite. In the latter, banditry appears to have been more resilient, especially where a combination of external factors militated against turning pastoralists into peasants. Erick D. Langer, Economic Change and Rural Resistance in Southern Bolivia, 18801930 (1989). Encyclopedia of European Social History. As a legal category, banditry is a pernicious form of crime that subverts the state's monopoly of legitimate violence. In its archaic form, venery is a noun that means the sport or act of hunting game beasts; the chase. This comes from the Medieval Latin word venaria, meaning beasts of the chase, game.. had marks left on them. But piracy is a much more universal phenomenon. Argentina's rural poor identified with the persecution suffered by legendary gauchos like Juan Moreira and Martn Fierro. During the Mexican Revolution, peasants formed regional bandit gangs to combat the encroachment of large haciendas or other forces of change that disrupted traditional Indian village life. The most famous of all privateers is probably English admiral Francis Drake, who made a fortune plundering Spanish settlements in the Americas after being granted a privateering commission by Elizabeth I in 1572. Such tales romanticize bandits and ignore their ignoble deeds, such as robbing, terrorizing, and killing peasants. Peasant complicity was not always imposed through terror but could also be spontaneous and lucrative. In the late nineteenth century Corsican bandits liked to present themselves as "Robin Hood" figures. Some estimates suggest that there are 1.4 billion insects for every single human on the planet. If you see some of them in a group, they might be referred to as a gang or a pack. 2 vols. The modern state stereotypes regions within it as inhabiting a bygone era, thus rationalizing repression of legitimate regionalist, autonomist, and cultural aspirations by labeling them as banditry. Fully to realize themselves and the future, they had further to recover their bucolic pleasures and the simplicity and equality of the rustic life. Peasant stories about bandits exhibit what Erick D. Langer has termed "a selective memory." In the nineteenth-century Mediterranean, banditry was particularly strong where pastoralists occupied an intermediate position between small-scale cultivators and large-scale proprietors, as in northern Greece, or where overseers and sharecroppers occupied that position, as in rural Sicily, but also where pastoralism was prominent in its own right, as in Sardinia and Corsica. They took to the hills to right some personal wrong, becoming the noble robber. Most bandits in Corsica saw themselves as victims; they spoke about their "disgrace," "destiny," and "fate" (poveru disgraziatu). From the perspective of the modern nation-state, bandits (or brigands, a term more popular in the nineteenth century) are criminals who resist the civilizing power of the state through violence, brutality, extortion, theft, and protection rackets. [35] His gang of bandits eventually grew into a rebel army and Deng conducted attacks on the government in Fujian. Through the destruction of animals or other property of the offender, or even the killing of some other person, a surrogate victim is created. On occasion, economic self-interest and political rebellion came together, as in the case of guerrilla banditry. Even Gilbert Joseph, who defends to a degree Hobsbawm's views, agrees that the political strategies of the peasants were not archaic "in the sense of being outmoded or pre-political.". In addition to the highly developed economy of Beijing, the Region also contained numerous commercial cities; these cities not only attracted merchants but also bandits. Some people, possibly to prove they paid attention in history class, also throw around privateer. During the Ming Dynasty, military and civil jurisdictions were separated. But do these words actually mean the same thing, matey? Mounted banditry was the major and pervasive type of banditry plaguing roads around the capital Beijing and its surrounding areas, administrated and named as the Capital Region. Richard W. Slatta, "Banditry as Political Participation in Latin America," in Criminal Justice History: An International Annual 11 (1990): 171-187. . Lsebrink, Hans-Jrgen, ed. Gonzlo G. Snchez and Donny Meertens, Bandoleros, gamonales y campesinos: El caso de la Violencia en Colombia (1983). Social Memory. Myth and folklore color some famous bandits so completely that accurate historical depiction is difficult. What Is a Group of Rabbits or Bunnies Called? - AZ Animals The unduly positive images of historical bandits generated in folklore were offset by the negative images from politically motivated government sources. Some of the most notorious corsairs were the Barbary corsairs of North Africa, who were aligned with the Ottoman Empire but were often beyond the empires ability to control them. The term corsair is tied to the Mediterranean Sea, where, from roughly the late 14th century to the early 19th century, the Ottoman Empire dueled with the Christian states of Europe for maritime supremacy. 'A cauldron of bats generally assembles in a . He was born in 1706 in rural Essex, the son of John Turpin, a small farmer. Like Robin Hood's Band of Merry Men, Kil-tong's group of bandits. He vows to continue his activities in order to avenge her death, but still manages to have a good time doing so. In Europe banditry assumed its most important forms in rural societies, particularly in Mediterranean regions and particularly as property relations changed in the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries. [31] However, such patronage did not guarantee immunity. At other times, outlaw pirates would operate with the tacit encouragement of a government but without the written legal authorization given to privateers. It functions as a warning and a deterrence against further acts of violence. Revenge in kind is threatened by the family who made the initial slight. [29] Ning Gao was one of the censors of 1509, and he employed gruesome means such as display of severed heads and body parts to kill off existing bandits and to intimidate potential ones. Edited by John G. Persistiany and Julian Pitt-Rivers. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. By 1930, the total bandit population was estimated to be 20 million. COW-PUNCHER: Also called Buckaroo, Cow Poke, Waddie, Cowboy, and in Spanish a "Vaquero". [17], The Capital Region also housed a huge number of soldiers with Ming's system of hereditary military and a major portion of bandits were actually soldiers stationed in the region. Hobsbawm, E. J. Bandits. Each Redbrand wore a simple, dirty scarlet cloak. [13] They had posed such serious threat that special police attention was given to them and failure to arrest them on time incurred severer punishment (further information on Ming justice system can be found in History of criminal justice).
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