Robert also married his half-sister Bertha to King Philip I of France, who was opposed to Norman power. He Was Illegitimate. He also retained control of much of the lands of Harold and his family, which made the king the largest secular landowner in England by a wide margin. [2] Even after the younger William's death in 1100 and the succession of his youngest brother Henry as king, Normandy and England remained contested between the brothers until Robert's capture by Henry at the Battle of Tinchebray in 1106. [60], Count Herbert II of Maine died in 1062, and William, who had betrothed his eldest son Robert to Herbert's sister Margaret, claimed the county through his son. [25], King Henry continued to support the young duke,[26] but in late 1046 opponents of William came together in a rebellion centred in lower Normandy, led by Guy of Burgundy with support from Nigel, Viscount of the Cotentin, and Ranulf, Viscount of the Bessin. [123], Maine continued to be difficult, with a rebellion by Hubert de Beaumont-au-Maine, probably in 1084. He married Matilda of Flanders in 1051, in Normandy, France. Henry led the main thrust through the county of vreux, while the other wing, under the king's brother Odo, invaded eastern Normandy. From there, he ravaged the interior and waited for Harold's return from the north, refusing to venture far from the sea, his line of communication with Normandy. [122] In 1082 William ordered the arrest of his half-brother Odo. followed by that of her father, the Duke of Suffolk, and his brothers, As early as 1622, two brothers, Thomas and John This campaign, which included the burning and destruction of part of the countryside that the royal forces marched through, is usually known as the "Harrying of the North"; it was over by April 1070, when William wore his crown ceremonially for Easter at Winchester. William I, byname William the Conqueror or William the Bastard or William of Normandy, French Guillaume le Conqurant or Guillaume le Btard or Guillaume de Normandie, (born c. 1028, Falaise, Normandy [France]died September 9, 1087, Rouen), duke of Normandy (as William II) from 1035 and king of England (as William I) from 1066, one of the greatest soldiers and rulers of the Middle Ages . Gray Coat of Arms and Gray Family Crest. [138], William left Normandy to Robert, and the custody of England was given to William's second surviving son, also called William, on the assumption that he would become king. from tree Kittredge Family Tree (Private) Birth. From this his family assumed the name of DeCroy, which was later day. of the same family, which had emigrated to this country and made their [134], William continued the collection of Danegeld, a land tax. London, S.E., 1892, states that John Gray of that place had the following William was crowned King of England on December 25, 1066. [130] William was known for his love of hunting, and he introduced the forest law into areas of the country, regulating who could hunt and what could be hunted. http://members.aol.com/rinewpor/famhist.html. George Herbert Walker Bush (1924- ), 41st President of the US. This lone relic was reburied in 1642 with a new marker, which was replaced 100 years later with a more elaborate monument. near the throne. Two further Norman retreats were feigned, to once again draw the English into pursuit and expose them to repeated attacks by the Norman cavalry. [79] Harold kept his forces on alert throughout the summer, but with the arrival of the harvest season he disbanded his army on 8 September. Lordships. It is to be presumed [64] William appointed a Norman to the bishopric of Le Mans in 1065. In 1047, William was able to quash a rebellion and begin to establish his authority over the duchy, a process that was not complete until about 1060. The name was originally Croy. He crossed back and forth between the continent and England at least 19 times between 1067 and his death. William responded swiftly, ignoring a continental revolt in Maine, and symbolically wore his crown in the ruins of York on Christmas Day 1069. [2] William assumed power in Normandy, and shortly after the battle promulgated the Truce of God throughout his duchy, in an effort to limit warfare and violence by restricting the days of the year on which fighting was permitted. of that parish for some years. It was a fairly simple administrative system, built around the ducal household,[53] which consisted of a group of officers including stewards, butlers, and marshals. The name has various spellings and includes GRAY and GREY - sometimes different spellings occur in the same generation of a single family.The first Gray to arrive in the United States was John Gray in about 1620.The origins of the name would seem to be multiple. Brief History of the Royal Family CGP Grey [14] After his accession, Robert continued Norman support for the English princes Edward and Alfred, who were still in exile in northern France. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England, Archbishop Matthew Parker saw the Conquest as having corrupted a purer English Church, which Parker attempted to restore. in the Reign of William the Conqueror, are the Amoreal bearings of Paganus [83] Harold had taken a defensive position at the top of Senlac Hill (present-day Battle, East Sussex), about 6 miles (9.7 kilometres) from William's castle at Hastings. [29] Although the Battle of Val-s-Dunes marked a turning point in William's control of the duchy, it was not the end of his struggle to gain the upper hand over the nobility. By the time of his marriage, William was able to arrange the appointment of his supporters as bishops and abbots in the Norman church. [38] William met the invasion by dividing his forces into two groups. of Gray have sprung, (IV) William de Grey and (V) Henry de Grey. [55] Most of the income came from the ducal lands, as well as from tolls and a few taxes. that Edward and Thomas were to inherit. Conan's death in 1066 further secured William's borders in Normandy. Hereward's forces attacked Peterborough Abbey, which they captured and looted. father or the son. The period from 1047 to 1054 saw almost continuous warfare, with lesser crises continuing until 1060. and lordships in the counties of Oxford and Buckingham. [85] Although the numbers on each side were about equal, William had both cavalry and infantry, including many archers, while Harold had only foot soldiers and few, if any, archers. [73], William of Poitiers describes a council called by Duke William, in which the writer gives an account of a great debate that took place between William's nobles and supporters over whether to risk an invasion of England. [132], Besides taxation, William's large landholdings throughout England strengthened his rule. [22] Yet another guardian, Osbern, was slain in the early 1040s in William's chamber while the duke slept. [144] In the years since the Conquest, politicians and other leaders have used William and the events of his reign to illustrate political events throughout English history. The historian Eleanor Searle speculates that William was raised with the three cousins who later became important in his career William fitzOsbern, Roger de Beaumont, and Roger of Montgomery. [109] William returned to England later in 1075 to deal with the Danish threat, leaving his wife Matilda in charge of Normandy. William also benefited from his campaign in Brittany by securing the support of some Breton nobles who went on to support the invasion of England in 1066. A descendant or member of the same family became Chamberlain themselves in politics, literature, and the learned professions and still [2] William returned to England in December 1067 and marched on Exeter, which he besieged. [78] William of Poitiers also relates that the duke obtained the consent of Pope Alexander II for the invasion, along with a papal banner. Emma went into exile in Flanders until Harthacnut became king following Harold's death in 1040, and his half-brother Edward followed Harthacnut to England; Edward was proclaimed king after Harthacnut's death in June 1042. Waltheof, the earl of Northumbria, although one of William's favourites, was also involved, and there were some Breton lords who were ready to rebel in support of Ralph and Roger. This altercation was one He died in early July at Nicea, on his way back to Normandy. His holdings included nine thirtieths of the The union of the Grays with the royal line of Tudor was by the marriage Thomas, baptized July 16, 1620 (no further mention). was too old to go to war, but he used his extensive farm and fortune to Abraham Gray is mentioned as among the Pilgrim refugees at Leyden, English sources claim that Ealdred, the Archbishop of York, performed the ceremony, while Norman sources state that the coronation was performed by Stigand, who was considered a non-canonical archbishop by the papacy. [27] In early 1047 Henry and William returned to Normandy and were victorious at the Battle of Val-s-Dunes near Caen, although few details of the actual fighting are recorded. (born 860 A.D.). and heiress of Henry heir apparent of William.". merchant in Plymouth. The soldier took offense and went at Sam With a swift campaign, William seized Le Mans from Fulk's forces, completing the campaign by 30 March 1073. The listings describe the holding, who owned the land before the Conquest, its value, what the tax assessment was, and usually the number of peasants, ploughs, and any other resources the holding had. [63] No English source mentions a supposed embassy by Archbishop Robert to William conveying the promise of the succession, and the two Norman sources that mention it, William of Jumiges and William of Poitiers, are not precise in their chronology of when this visit took place. Sarah, baptized January 12, 1616, married Thomas Harding May 30, 1642. [66], In England, Earl Godwin died in 1053 and his sons were increasing in power: Harold succeeded to his father's earldom, and another son, Tostig, became Earl of Northumbria. All the English counties south of the River Tees and River Ribble are included, and the whole work seems to have been mostly completed by 1 August 1086, when the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that William received the results and that all the chief magnates swore the Salisbury Oath, a renewal of their oaths of allegiance. Tostig went into exile in Flanders, along with his wife Judith, who was the daughter of Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders. 10 Things You May Not Know About William the Conqueror - History [97], Early in 1069, Edgar the theling rose in revolt and attacked York. William placed supporters in charge of these new fortifications among them William Peverel at Nottingham and Henry de Beaumont at Warwick. Although he led an expedition into Maine, the result was instead a negotiated settlement arranged by a papal legate. The exact reasons are unclear, as no contemporary author recorded what caused the quarrel between the half-brothers. William then moved to Hastings, a few miles to the east, where he built a castle as a base of operations. These dates would of this family were for centuries seated in Westminster and in other sections correspond with John of Stapleford, as his eldest child was born in 1608. [72] Harold's claim to the throne was not entirely secure, as there were other claimants, perhaps including his exiled brother Tostig. According to stories that may have legendary elements, an attempt was made to seize William at Valognes, but he escaped under cover of darkness, seeking refuge with King Henry. [128] William granted some lands to his continental followers from the holdings of one or more specific Englishmen; at other times, he granted a compact grouping of lands previously held by many different Englishmen to one Norman follower, often to allow for the consolidation of lands around a strategically placed castle. The Danes then raided along the coast before returning home. [114] Roger and Waltheof were kept in prison, where Waltheof was executed in May 1076. of Hastings, and was recorded in the Domesday Book (a record complied by [2], There is no evidence of any illegitimate children born to William. In 1086, he ordered the compilation of the Domesday Book, a survey listing all of the land-holdings in England along with their pre-Conquest and current holders.
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